Journal: Neurobiology of disease

Article Title: Neuromodulation targets pathological not physiological beta bursts during gait in Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.09.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: Distribution of envelope power, burst duration and mean burst power with kinematics for Freezer and Non-Freezer. Beta burst distribution of a Non-Freezer and Freezer performing stepping in place (SIP) during no DBS. Envelope power of the squared LFP signal of a representative STN, with the green line indicating the baseline of the signal, is used to determine each individual beta bursts (represented by solid black circles) throughout the task (A, B). The distribution of burst duration (C, D) and relative burst power (E, F) is plotted along with synchronized kinematics (G, H).

Article Snippet: Twelve PD subjects (7 male) had bilateral implantation of DBS leads (model 3389, Medtronic, Inc.) in the sensorimotor region of the STN using a standard functional frameless stereotactic technique and multi-pass microelectrode recording (MER) ( Bronte-Stewart et al. , 2010 ; Quinn et al. , 2015 ).

Techniques:

Journal: Neurobiology of disease

Article Title: Neuromodulation targets pathological not physiological beta bursts during gait in Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.09.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: Stepping-in-place kinematics during no, 60 Hz, and 140 Hz STN DBS. Force plate traces from the stepping in place (SIP) task from a representative Freezer during the three stimulation conditions: (A) no DBS, (B) 60 Hz, and (C) 140 Hz DBS.

Article Snippet: Twelve PD subjects (7 male) had bilateral implantation of DBS leads (model 3389, Medtronic, Inc.) in the sensorimotor region of the STN using a standard functional frameless stereotactic technique and multi-pass microelectrode recording (MER) ( Bronte-Stewart et al. , 2010 ; Quinn et al. , 2015 ).

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Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: Parkinsonism and vigilance: alteration in neural oscillatory activity and phase-amplitude coupling in the basal ganglia and motor cortex

doi: 10.1152/jn.00388.2017

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of parkinsonism on oscillatory activity and phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) across all recorded structures in each subject. A and E: location of Utah array in the motor cortex (M1; top) and location of deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads in the subthalamic nucleus and internal and external segments of the globus pallidus [subthalamic nucleus (STN), internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), and external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe); bottom]. In animal J, contact pairs C2–3, C3–4, and C4–5 are estimated to be in the GPi, and the most dorsal usable contact pair, C5–6, straddled the border between GPe and GPi. Also shown are PSDs (left) and PAC comodulograms (right) in the M1 (B and F), STN (C and G), and globus pallidus (GP; D and H). Power spectral density (PSD) plots reflect median values, and shaded regions contain the 25th and 75th percentiles of the PSDs at each frequency. The white dashed boxes in the PAC comodulograms indicate regions associated with an observed increase in PAC in the parkinsonian condition.

Article Snippet: Each animal was then implanted in both the STN and GP with 8-contact scaled down versions of human DBS leads (0.5 mm contact height, 0.5 mm intercontact spacing, 0.625 mm diameter; NuMED).

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of neural engineering

Article Title: Clinical deep brain stimulation strategies for orientation-selective pathway activation

doi: 10.1088/1741-2552/aad978

Figure Lengend Snippet: Orientation selectivity using two cylindrical contacts. (a) Medtronic 3389 DBS lead consisting of four cylindrical contacts. (b) Stimulation paradigms applied to the middle contacts on a Medtronic 3389 DBS lead: cathodes applied to contacts C1 and C2 (green) and a bipolar configuration with a cathode applied to contact C1 and anode applied to contact C2 (blue). Note the charge-balanced second phase of the stimulus waveform is present though spread out over a longer duration. (c) Multi-compartment axon models were radially distributed r=1 mm adjacent to the DBS lead. Shown are cropped representations of the axons. Activated axons are highlighted for a stimulus with a peak total current of 2.0 mA in the cathode-cathode configuration (green) and 1.0 mA in the cathode-anode configuration (blue). (d) Thresholds for activation of all radially distributed axons for the stimulus paradigms in (b). NA = axons were not activated up to a charge density of 30 μC/cm2.

Article Snippet: The DBS lead was manually constructed within COMSOL and oriented in accordance with the final lead location as determined from postoperative CT imaging [ 21 , 22 ].

Techniques: Activation Assay

Journal: Journal of neural engineering

Article Title: Clinical deep brain stimulation strategies for orientation-selective pathway activation

doi: 10.1088/1741-2552/aad978

Figure Lengend Snippet: Orientation-selectivity using four cylindrical contacts with monopolar, bipolar, and multi-cathode stimulation. (a) Axons were distributed along the DBS lead (z=0.6 to 8.6 mm) and moving away (r=0.5 to 3.0 mm)

Article Snippet: The DBS lead was manually constructed within COMSOL and oriented in accordance with the final lead location as determined from postoperative CT imaging [ 21 , 22 ].

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Journal: Journal of neural engineering

Article Title: Clinical deep brain stimulation strategies for orientation-selective pathway activation

doi: 10.1088/1741-2552/aad978

Figure Lengend Snippet: Orientation-selective activation using a segmented lead. (a) Abbott 6172 DBS array composed of two cylindrical contacts separated by two rows each with three segmented contacts. (b) Multi-cathode (green) and bipolar (blue) configurations applied to grouped contacts C2/C3 and contacts C5/C6. (c) Axons were radially distributed 1 mm adjacent to the DBS lead. Activated axons are highlighted for a stimulus of 1.5 mA (total current applied) in the cathode-cathode configuration (green) and 0.75 mA in the cathode-anode configuration (blue). (d) Multi-cathode (red) and bipolar (purple) configurations applied to segmented contacts C3 and C5. (e) Activated axons are highlighted for a stimulus intensity of 1.20 mA (total current applied) in the cathode-cathode configuration (red) and 0.5 mA in the cathode-anode configuration (purple). (f) Thresholds for activation of all radially distributed axons for each stimulus configuration in b, d. NA = axons were not activated up to a charge density of 30 μC/cm2.

Article Snippet: The DBS lead was manually constructed within COMSOL and oriented in accordance with the final lead location as determined from postoperative CT imaging [ 21 , 22 ].

Techniques: Activation Assay

Journal: Journal of neural engineering

Article Title: Clinical deep brain stimulation strategies for orientation-selective pathway activation

doi: 10.1088/1741-2552/aad978

Figure Lengend Snippet: Orientation-selective activation using a segmented lead and monopolar and bipolar stimulation paradigms. (a) Abbott 6172 DBS lead with radially distributed axons along (z) and around (θ) the lead. In the orientation activation plots, dot size represents minimum threshold, dot color represents the gain or degree of selectivity, and arrow direction indicates direction of selectivity. Configurations are shown for (b) four cathodes including contacts C2, C3, C5, C6; (c) two cathodes with contacts C2, C3; (d) two cathodes with contacts C3, C5; (e) bipolar with contacts C2, C3 as cathodes and contacts C5, C6 as anodes; (f) bipolar with contact C3 as a cathode and C2 as an anode; (g) bipolar with contact C3 as a cathode and C5 as an anode.

Article Snippet: The DBS lead was manually constructed within COMSOL and oriented in accordance with the final lead location as determined from postoperative CT imaging [ 21 , 22 ].

Techniques: Activation Assay

Journal: Journal of neural engineering

Article Title: Clinical deep brain stimulation strategies for orientation-selective pathway activation

doi: 10.1088/1741-2552/aad978

Figure Lengend Snippet: Orientation-selective stimulation using MICC. (a) Boston Scientific 2202 DBS lead with radially distributed axons along (z) and around (θ) the lead. Stimulation configurations were applied controlling the primary direction of the electric field (PDEF). Dot size represents minimum threshold, dot color represents the gain or degree of selectivity, and arrow direction indicates direction of selectivity. Configurations included: (b) bipolar with contacts C2, C3 as even-split-anodes, and C5, C6 as even-split-cathodes (PDEF = 90°); (c) bipolar with contacts C2, C3 as uneven-split-anodes, contacts C5, C6 as uneven-split cathodes (PDEF = 67.5°); (d) bipolar with contacts C3 as a anode and contact C5 as an cathode (PDEF = 45°); (e) bipolar with contacts C2, C5 as uneven-split-anodes, contacts C3, C6 as uneven-split cathodes (PDEF = 22.5°); (f) bipolar with contacts C2, C5 as anodes and contacts C3, C6 as cathodes (PDEF = 0°).

Article Snippet: The DBS lead was manually constructed within COMSOL and oriented in accordance with the final lead location as determined from postoperative CT imaging [ 21 , 22 ].

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of neural engineering

Article Title: Clinical deep brain stimulation strategies for orientation-selective pathway activation

doi: 10.1088/1741-2552/aad978

Figure Lengend Snippet: Electric fields around a DBS lead. The electric field adjacent to a DBS for a monopolar single cathode (a), two cathodes (b), and bipolar configurations (c) with 1 mA total current applied through each lead. Yellow contacts represent cathodes, blue contacts represent anodes.

Article Snippet: The DBS lead was manually constructed within COMSOL and oriented in accordance with the final lead location as determined from postoperative CT imaging [ 21 , 22 ].

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Journal: eLife

Article Title: Cortico-subcortical β burst dynamics underlying movement cancellation in humans

doi: 10.7554/eLife.70270

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Increases in average β band activity are observed at all subcortical recording sites during stop trials (contrast shown is between successful stops and correct go trials). ( B ) The total number of β bursts was quantified between trial-wise stop-signal onset (SSD) and participant-wise SSRT. For matched go-trials, this window began at current SSD stored in the staircase. Each point represents the average burst count for one participant. β bursts increased at early latencies in STN and thalamus during successful cancellation (when quantified between SSD and SSRT) and at later latencies in both thalamus and STN during stop trials (panel D). ( C ) The differences in burst counts and rates in panels B and D could not be accounted for by differences in pre-go or pre-stop baseline burst rates, quantified in the 100ms preceding go- or stop-signal onset. ( D ) Average burst rates at each subcortical recording location time-locked to the stop-signal (left) or subject-wise SSRT (right) are depicted in time bins of 100ms. The gray lines on the time-bin plots show the SSRT sample average for STN and thalamic DBS patient groups. (Significant comparisons key: green stars = comparison between successful stop and go trials, navy stars = comparison between successful and failed stop trial; * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001. Significant effects displayed in the plot are effects of TRIAL TYPE, on burst counts ( B ) or on burst rates at given time points ( D ).

Article Snippet: Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from the thalamus or STN using the four macroelectrode contacts on each DBS lead and from two four-, six-, or eight-contact strip electrodes placed in the subgaleal space over SMC (Ad-Tech, Oak Creek, WI; 10 mm spacing center-to-center, 3 mm exposed contact diameter).

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Cortico-subcortical β burst dynamics underlying movement cancellation in humans

doi: 10.7554/eLife.70270

Figure Lengend Snippet: A ) The timing of first bursts from the STN in STN DBS patients and thalamic regions in thalamus DBS patients are shown with respect to the stop-signal (left) and participant-wise SSRT (right). First bursts were quantified between stop-signal onset and 1 s following stop-signal onset. Each gray dot represents a participant’s mean burst timing for each trial type and recording location. The central line on the barplots represents the average of single-subject mean burst timings. ( B ) The timing of first bursts from the STN and thalamic regions in the single subject with both STN and thalamic DBS are shown with respect to the stop-signal (left) and participant-wise SSRT (right). Each dot represents the timing of a burst for a single trial, while the central bar represents the median burst timing. Bursts that occur in each region before SSRT are counted. Across the entire study sample ( A ) and in our single subject with simultaneous STN and thalamic recording sites ( B ), STN bursts occurred earlier than dorsal thalamic bursts during cancellation. These findings from subcortical regions in our datasets lend support for an account of subcortical dynamics proposed in a theorized network model of movement cancellation, which posits that the STN is recruited prior to and acts to net-inhibit the thalamus during cancellation (red X indicates reduction of thalamocortical drive). (Significant comparison key: stars = comparison between burst timing in STN and dorsal thalamus; * indicates p < 0.05. Effects indicated in the figure are effects of BURST LOCATION on average burst timing.)

Article Snippet: Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from the thalamus or STN using the four macroelectrode contacts on each DBS lead and from two four-, six-, or eight-contact strip electrodes placed in the subgaleal space over SMC (Ad-Tech, Oak Creek, WI; 10 mm spacing center-to-center, 3 mm exposed contact diameter).

Techniques: